The story of the Green Revolution began when, in 1943, the Rockefeller Foundation dispatched a team of agricultural experts to Mexico to set up a research program on local grains.
Soon to head the research was agricultural scientist Norman Borlaug, the so called father of the “green revolution”.(1)
His research program soon paid off with effective results. He used groundbreaking breeding techniques to produce disease-resistant varieties of wheat that produced much more grain than local strains.
By 1951, the disease-resistant wheat strains were widely established and a new wheat/fertilizer package was developed that gave high yields accompanied by newly developed irrigation lands of Mexico.
This initiated a rapid growth in overall wheat yields, which rose from some 770 pounds per acre in 1952 to over 2,900 by 1964 in the newly irrigated areas. (2)
This yield increase appeared to arrive at the right time because during the 1950s and 1960s, public health improvements led to increased population levels in underdeveloped nations, leading to concerns that present agricultural methods could not accommodate growing food demand.
Alerted to this concern, the Rockefeller Foundation, in 1961, created a new research program to study millet in India. In 1962, it joined forces with the Ford foundation to found the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines to develop new strains of Asia’s major food crop.
This new breeding project, with large financial backing, gave results even quicker than the Mexican project. Within three to four years “miracle” rices of differing variety were boosting yields in the Philippines. Like the Mexican wheat, the new rice varieties had similar stringent requirements for fertilizer and irrigation.(3)
Chemical farming was favored among the farmers and the growers for a quick yield of crops. The growers found that it was much easier to cultivate crops without taking much trouble of preparing organic manure.
It generated dramatic results and increased grain yields of rice from 1.4 tons per hectare during 1934-58 to 3.6 tons in the early 1960s. (4)
The number of crops increased throughout the year. The farmers obviously did not spurn the chance of growing more food with the chemical fertilizer and pesticide readily available through local mediums. (5)
Following the successes of the program, the term ‘Green Revolution’ was coined in March 1968 by the director of U.S. Agency for International Development, William Gaud. (6)
Thanks to the ‘Green Revolution’, world food production more than doubled between 1960 and 1990. In Pakistan and India, two of the nations that benefited most from the new crop varieties, grain yields more than quadrupled over the period.(7)
Thus the ‘Green Revolution’ is usually thought of as the accelerated growth in Third-World grain production which resulted from combining new seeds, mostly wheat and rice, with heavy applications of fertilizer, pesticide and controlled irrigation.(8)
It would appear Borlaug’s work, which expanded agriculture at just the moment when such an increase in production was most needed, was of value.
Indeed, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply. Many experts credit the ‘Green Revolution’ with averting global famine during the second half of the 20th century and saving maybe 1 billion lives.(9)
However, the story has recently taken a twist.
Experts in India, at a recent workshop on climate change and sustainable agriculture, have opined that the ‘Green Revolution’ has done more harm than good to the agriculture sector in the country from a long term perspective.
They suggested the farmers to return to traditional practices in farming in order to make the vocation sustainable in the future. (10)
What harmful effects are of concern?
Many resonate from chemical pesticides which have caused widespread environmental problems such as water pollution, soil degradation, insect resistance and resurgence, destruction of native flora and fauna, and human hazards.
Farmers spraying insecticides in a paddy field at Phul town in Bathinda on Sunday. A Tribune photograph
Farmers spraying insecticides in a paddy field at Phul town in Bathinda on Sunday. A Tribune photograph Sprayers of pesticide who come into direct contact and inhale toxic compounds are getting poisoned and facing premature deaths. The growers who are indiscriminately using pesticides in the field are not aware that they are facing risk to their health.(11)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pesticides poison 25 million lives every year. About 20,000 unintentional deaths occur every year due to pesticide poisoning.(12)
Most of these pesticides are prohibited but are smuggled into the “Third World” countries and black-marketed in private capacities. For example, the USA exported more than 344 million pounds of hazardous pesticides during 1992-94.(13)
More pesticide is needed because insects and micro-organisms that inflict harm to the plant have developed a stronger immunity to the pesticides. The overuse of pesticides has caused massive destruction of natural enemies of insect pests and resurgence of pest species.
The increase of pesticides and fertilizer usage is also accompanied by an increased risk of contamination to ground water supply.
Ground water is found in spaces between soil particles and rocks, and within cracks of bedrock. The water table is the name given to the top of a saturated zone.
Major reservoirs of ground water are called ‘aquifers’. Aquifers are recharged by rain, snowmelt, or interchange with surface waters. Ground water is not stationary, but moves vertically or horizontally following the slope of the water table.(14)
How does pesticide effect the ground water?
Once pesticides are applied to its target area, many events may occur. The pesticide may be consumed by plants, evaporated into the atmosphere, carried off by the wind, or ingested by insects, worms and microorganisms. The pesticide may adhere to soil particles like iron filings to a magnet or be dissolved in irrigation or rain water.(15)
A number of pesticides that contain nitrates have the potential to interfere with normal functions of the body, particularly the endocrine system that regulates physiological functions through hormonal signals.
Nitrates can build up to high concentrations in groundwater, due to wash-off from agricultural use.
High levels of nitrate exposure in drinking water has also been suggested as a cause of cancer, thyroid disease and diabetes.(16)
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